Influenza A viruses( IAVs ) are spread by a variety of host species, including domesticated and commercially significant birds. IAVs can spread to new species, such as humans( spillover ), which can result in serious illness and mortality. In the event of further human-to-human transmission, pandemic strains may also be produced. The binding specificity of the viral haemagglutinin receptor or the host antiviral factor Mx1 are two obstacles that prevent the transmission and adaptation of avian IAV into humans. However, there are a number of gaps in our knowledge of the factors that allow the virus to spread to humans as well as our capacity to forecast its zoonotic potential. Palmarini and colleagues report in this study that human butyrophilin subfamily 3 member A3( BTN3A3 ) restricts the replication of avian IAVs but not that of humans, and that BTN33A3 evasion encourages human spillover.
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